I can speak from my general knowledge about wood. Thus while drying it can crack radialy (from bark to center) due to the gradient in humidity inside it. The side surface dries faster and contracts, while the core remains the same (just like in wet forming) and this will cause the cracking.
The best prevention if you want to use it without good drying, would be to oil thoroughly the side surface, I would recommend linseed oil. Give 2-3 coats, one coat per day to allow the oil to penetrate the wood. If the oil won't absorb in the wood well, just wipe it with a cloth and try again in a few weeks.
Rings won't help much if the wood is not dry, because by drying it will contract. Only if you want to do some heavy hammering on it they would be necessary, as this can lead to cracks also. But for this I would suggest to use adjustable rings and tighten them periodically.
I don't have work experience with any of the trees mentioned by you, but the red alder is a sleek bark tree. If you can get a section where the bark is in good condition, just leave the bark on for at least one year and should prevent cracking of the core, acting as a binding.
Maple though may not look as good with the bark on and for it and for others, if you'd like them without bark from beginning, I suggest going for a root section or one with a lot of side branches. The entanglement of the fibers in root and branching areas give the wood enough strength not to crack easily, either from drying or hammering. But this will come at the cost of extra work in shaping. The same things that make them desirable make them harder to work.
From strength point of view, madrona would be the best. Being a lot denser and harder than the others should keep the flat surface in good condition longer than the others.