1- really, any leather or material that you are comfortable with and can source.
2- also relates to #1. think total thickness and suitability for type of shoe and use.
3- the belly is where welting is cut from - toe puffs etc Flank leather also for building up lasts
4- sure, if it is all you can get - saddle skirting is cheep and easy practice material- hammer to compress.
5 - hmmmm... Mckay needle? There are dozens of techniques and many are mis-named.
6 - depending on your method it varies - however you decide to hand sew search here.
The most important piece is a good stout knife for soles/heels & hammer. I'm sure you already have cutting & skiving thing leather skills/tools
Saturn