Sheilajeanne

That's awesome! Thank you for sharing!

I resize my photos to under 1000 pixels. 800 still provides a nice, sharp photo on a computer screen.

A heifer is a young female that hasn't yet had a calf. Once she's calved, she's just a plain old cow. Oxen are different from steers. They are allowed to reach their full size as males before being castrated. They are MASSIVE animals! From what I've seen, most male dairy calves are castrated by banding, at as young an age as possible. The farmers don't want to deal with the aggression that comes when they get bigger, and banding the calf is something the farmer can do without a vet's help.

Bullocks because they're missing their bollocks??

Klara, the translator won't translate bouvard either, but the word you're looking for might be un bouvillon for a castrated male. In English we say steer.

I know for a fact that my uncles kept most of the steers until they were fully grown (about a year). Once weaned, they were turned out to grass. (Giving the calves their milk was one of my favourite jobs when I visited my uncles, and helped with the chores.) I asked what they did with them after that, and the answer was, 'we veal them'. So, evidently young cattle can still be sold as 'veal' at that age, just not milk-fed veal. I know how big these animals were, as I was with my uncle when he was loading some of them on a truck to take for slaughter. Of course, weather and the market would help determine how long the non-milk producing animals were kept. Both uncles had all registered stock, so the heifers not needed as milk cows would still sell for a good price to other dairy farmers. If the pastures were not in good shape due to weather, I'm sure the steers were sent to market sooner than usual, to avoid having to feed them hay. The trend now is to ship the calves to a feedlot at about a week old. And that's quite controversial, because a lot of them get sick from the stress and die, because their immune systems aren't fully developed yet.

Where can I get something to cut the corners with, like the rounded pieces of metal he has? Could use something like that for cutting windows in a wallet or cell phone case.

Excellent video! Thank you so much!

I've never liked the look I get with antique paste either. Even with several coats of resist (have tried both Tandy's and Resolene) the antique darkens the carving far too much. I haven't had a problem with it flaking off though, because I buff like crazy when applying, and after it's dry. So, JLS, I'm guessing you apply your resist to the carving, then dye the background with a fine brush? And I'm guessing the same goes for most people who get a really high contrast between their tooled areas and the background?

Chuck, statistically 50% of the calves born are male. My uncles would castrate them and keep them until they were old enough to sell for veal. It may be different now, but that's how they did it. So, 50/50 sex split...male calves were pastured and grass fed, minimum cost as long as pasture was good.

Chuck, for many years there were two dairy farmers in my family. Of course they keep the cows for breeding and milking, but they are only 50% of the herd. The males are treated pretty much exactly the way male beef cows are treated: castrated at a young age, fattened up and sold for slaughter when they reach their full growth. Beef farmers generally keep the females to increase the size of their herd. So, no, I don't really see the difference. The hide of an old beef cow is going to be just as stretched as the hide of an old Holstein dairy cow.

Fred, sometimes the sale price is limited to a specific seller. This particular book would cost me $13.77 because I'm in Canada, and the sale price is only available to U.S. residents. They occasionally do have books that are available for Kobo users only, and I've installed the Kobo app on my tablet so I can read those books too. I love reading, and this service has turned me into an e-book junkie! After seeing how much money I'd spent in one month, I have learned to restrain myself, though have seriously thought of getting an Amazon Kindle subscription for $9.99 a month! One drawback to the book (from reading the reviews) is it's not a 'how to' book, but mostly just focuses on interviewing the people who still do these crafts. However, some of the interviews do give valuable information on how the crafts are done - look at the diagrams for the wheelwright. The leather bottle interview also gives some valuable information about how this particular craftsperson makes the bottles. Re: bitumen - it definitely contains carcinogenic chemicals: https://www.anses.fr/en/content/exposure-bitumen Definitely would not want to drink out of bottles lined with it! Dwight, I really can't understand why they would only use beef cattle for the hides. Beef cows have to produce just as many babies as milk cows, and when they can no longer get pregnant, they go to slaughter. That makes no sense to me. Males of both types of cattle are castrated at a young age, and eventually slaughtered for meat. The only difference I can think of is dairy cattle are generally leaner than beef cattle, so would be less likely to have fat wrinkles in the hides. And that's and advantage rather than a disadvantage!

Yes, I thought that might interest some people here who make drinking vessels.

I receive a daily notice through Early Bird Books of e-books that are available at a discount price. You can read a certain portion of the book for free to help you decide if you want to buy it. Today's picks included a book on Forgotten Crafts https://www.amazon.com/Book-Forgotten-Crafts-David-ebook/dp/B0072MXMZE/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2ZJ7XU463C7TX&keywords=The+Book+of+Forgotten+Crafts&qid=1672425042&sprefix=the+book+of+forgotten+crafts%2Caps%2C143&sr=8-1 The section you can read for free covers both the work of a tannery and a shop that makes bottles and other drinking vessels out of leather. The tannery, J. and F.J. Baker in England, is the only one in Britain which still uses the traditional oak bark tanning method. Because of this, its leather is in very high demand by high-end users, especially saddle and bridle makers. There has been a tannery on this site since Roman times. Happy reading!

Glad you edited the title, Frodo! When I first read it I thought, 'wait, did someone have a really bad date?'